When you gaze upon a landscape with your own eyes, you see the entire scene in sharp focus. Recreating that focus in the images you make of the landscape will have a lot to do with the image’s success or failure.
However, with some elements that might just be a few feet away from your lens and others that might be miles away, it’s necessary to take steps to ensure that all of that scenery is in sharp focus.
But how?
To get maximum sharpness in your images, you’ll need to use the principle of depth of field. Let’s explore a few critical components of this concept.
Depth of Field Defined
When you raise your camera to your eye and adjust the focus of the lens on a specific landscape element, you’re creating a focal plane that is parallel to the sensor. That is, only the elements along that plane are in the sharpest focus - elements behind that plane and in front of it are not. That area of sharp focus is called depth of field.
For example: in the image above, the focal point is the horse in the foreground. As a result, the plane of focus falls across that horse, which is where the maximum areas of sharpness are in the photo. Everything in front of the horse (i.e. the grasses in the foreground) and everything behind the horse (i.e. the other horses and the mountains in the background) are outside the depth of field and are therefore not as sharp.
Note that the depth of field does not fall equally in front of and behind the focal point. Just one-third of the area of maximum sharpness is in front of the focal plane with the other two-thirds falling behind that point.
Factors That Impact Depth of Field
There are, however, a number of factors that influence the size of depth of field. If you find that the area of acceptable sharpness is too small, you can adjust any of the following to get a larger depth of field:
Aperture - The smaller the aperture (the larger the f-number), the greater the depth of field. For example, at f/22 you’ll have a greater depth of field than you will at f/2.8, all else being equal.
Distance to focal point - As the distance between your lens and the focal point increases, so too does the depth of field. For example, if your focal point is three feet away, the depth of field will be much smaller than if the focal point is 30 feet away.
Focal length - The shorter the lens, the greater the depth of field, so, a wide-angle lens offers a deeper depth of field than would be possible with a telephoto lens.
For example: In the image of the Yosemite Valley above, we see how each of the three factors above have been used to maximize depth of field. A wide angle lens has been used, and, combined with a small aperture, the entire scene is acceptably sharp from the rock in the foreground to the mountains in the background.
Note how the rock is far enough away from the photographer’s shooting position that it falls within the depth of field.
Using Hyperfocal Distance
Though “hyperfocal distance” sounds highly technical and scary, it is one of the most effective methods a photographer can use to ensure everything in the scene is acceptably sharp.
Hyperfocal distance helps you generate a depth of field that puts everything from the foreground to infinity in focus. Put simply, to maximize depth of field you need to focus at the hyperfocal distance for the aperture and focal length that you have selected. That means that by choosing the appropriate aperture and adjusting the point of focus to the hyperfocal distance that the entire scene will be acceptably sharp.
The problem is that the mathematical calculation to determine hyperfocal distance isn’t exactly an easy one to grasp. Fortunately, there are many apps and websites that make those calculations for you.